What are the two types of conditioning used by the behavioural approach?

What are the two types of conditioning used by the behavioural approach?

• A. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
• B. Positive reinforcement and punishment
• C. Observational learning and insight
• D. Drive reduction and latent learning

Answer: (A)

Two fundamental forms of conditioning in the behavioural approach are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning shows how a neutral stimulus becomes linked with a natural stimulus to evoke a reflexive response, as Pavlov demonstrated with dogs salivating at the sound of a bell after it was paired with food. This involves involuntary, automatic reactions learned through association. Operant conditioning explains how voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences: reinforcement increases the likelihood of the behavior repeating, while punishment decreases it, as shown in Skinner’s experiments with rewards and penalties. The other options refer to specific processes within these theories or to different learning ideas (such as learning by watching others or cognitive insights), so they don’t describe the two broad conditioning types used by the behavioural approach.

Two fundamental forms of conditioning in the behavioural approach are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning shows how a neutral stimulus becomes linked with a natural stimulus to evoke a reflexive response, as Pavlov demonstrated with dogs salivating at the sound of a bell after it was paired with food. This involves involuntary, automatic reactions learned through association. Operant conditioning explains how voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences: reinforcement increases the likelihood of the behavior repeating, while punishment decreases it, as shown in Skinner’s experiments with rewards and penalties. The other options refer to specific processes within these theories or to different learning ideas (such as learning by watching others or cognitive insights), so they don’t describe the two broad conditioning types used by the behavioural approach.